Average growth approximation: Assuming that two stocks have the same earnings growth, the one with a lower P/E is a better value. The P/E method is perhaps the most commonly used valuation method in the stock brokerage industry. By using comparison firms, a target price/earnings (or P/E) ratio is selected for the company, and then the future earnings of the company are estimated. The valuation's fair price is simply estimated earnings times target P/E. This model is essentially the same model as Gordon's model, if k-g is estimated as the dividend payout ratio (D/E) divided by the target P/E ratio.
Constant growth approximation: The Gordon model or Gordon's growth is the best known of a class of discounted dividend models. It assumes that dividends will increase at a constant growth rate (less than the discount rate) forever. The valuation is given by the formula:
and the following table defines each symbol:
| Symbol | Meaning | Units |
|---|---|---|
 | estimated stock price | $ or € or £ |
 | last dividend paid | $ or € or £ |
 | discount rate | % |
 | the growth rate of the dividends | % |
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